전치사 by의 쓰임

Used to indicate proximity:
Can I sit by you?
He was standing by me.
The post office is by the bank.

 

Used to indicate the person that does something in a passive voice sentence:
The microwave was fixed by the mechanic.
The flowers were delivered by a postman.

 

Used to indicate an action with a particular purpose:

You can pass the exam by preparing for it.
I expressed my feeling toward her by writing a letter.
She finally broke the record by pure effort.

 

Used to indicate a mean or method:
Please send this package to Russia by airmail.
I came here by subway.